Logical Reasoning STEM Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• If a set X contains n elements and you remove one element, how many elements remain?
• Which of the following would most weaken the argument?
• All M are N. Some N are not M. Is the set of statements consistent?
• A pharmaceutical company claims its new drug reduces blood pressure in most patients with mild hypertension. The company argues the drug should be adopted.
• If A ⊆ B and A ∩ C = ∅, which statement is necessarily true?
• Is the argument form 'If P → Q; Q; Therefore P' valid?
• In a resolve-the-paradox question, what is the recommended approach?
• Given All A are B and Some B are C, does Some A are C necessarily?
• If two events E and F are independent with P(E) = 0.6 and P(F) = 0.5, what is P(E ∧ F)?
• A drug maker claims its drug is effective because a trial showed improved outcomes.
• The answer to which of the following questions would contribute most in evaluating the argument?
• Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence against the argument?
• In a valid deductive argument with true premises, is the conclusion necessarily true?
• If P → Q and not Q, what can be concluded about P?
• Heather and Mike disagree about whether the policy will increase costs. Which statement reflects their disagreement?
• A tutoring program improves test scores for most participants. The argument: expand the program.
• Which option most closely resembles the principle illustrated by the passage?
• If A ∩ B = ∅ and A ⊆ C, what can be said about B ∩ C?
• All A are B. Some C are A. What can be concluded about Some C are B?
• All X are Y. Some Y are Z. What can be concluded about Some X are Z?
• In a necessary-assumption question, what is true of the correct answer?
• There exists at least one robot; All robots are inspected daily; Some inspected devices are not robots. Which statement must be true?
• Which of the following, if true, does the most to reconcile the apparent conflict in the system described above?
• A small study found that a diet reduces cholesterol by 15 points in participants after 6 weeks. The study suggests the diet should be recommended.
• If A maps to B and B maps to C, what does A map to?
• Which argument is most similar to the flaw of inferring broad conclusions from a small, unrepresentative sample?
• A study claims that the policy reduced crime because more police were deployed coinciding with the timing. The flaw is not accounting for other factors such as baseline crime trends; Which term best identifies this flaw?
• How many permutations of 3 distinct items exist?
• A city asserts that a new bus route reduces commute time for most riders.
• If P is true and Q is true, what is the truth value of P ∧ Q?
• A common flaw in reasoning occurs when an argument relies on a single instance to generalize. This is most similar to which flaw?
• If A -> B and B -> A, what is true about A and B?
• If All A are B and No A are C, which of the following correctly describes A ∩ C?
• Two fair coins are flipped. What is P(at least one head)?
• A company claims that its new safety training reduces workplace accidents by 40%. The company argues that the training should be adopted for all employees.
• Which of the following conforms most closely to the principle illustrated above?
• If A maps to B, B maps to C, and C maps to D, what does A map to?
• In a sufficient-assumption question, what best describes the role of the correct answer?
• All passing students attend the ceremony. Some ceremony attendees are not in the science track. Which statement must be true?
• Some A are B. No B are C. What can be concluded about Some A are not C?
• Which principle best captures the idea that conclusions must be supported by evidence?
• You need to find the answer choice that can be supported with direct evidence from the stimulus. If the answer you are looking at could potentially be false, then it does not have to be true, and is incorrect.
• Which option represents a valid way to strengthen an argument that generalizes from a small sample?
• If A -> B and not B, what can be concluded about A?
• Some scientists are not mathematicians. All mathematicians use formal logic. Which statement is most strongly supported?
• Todd and Andy disagree about the truth of which statement?
• The plan to cut transit funding is flawed because it assumes that savings from reduced service will not reduce ridership; it fails to consider long-term effects.
• Which of the following describes how premises relate to the conclusion in a standard argument?
• In a valid argument, if the premises are true, what can be said about the conclusion?
• Task order problem: Task1 must be completed before Task2 and Task3; Tasks 2 and 3 are independent of each other. How many valid total orders exist for the three tasks?
• The reasoning above most closely conforms to which principle?
• Which argument most closely parallels the professor's argument that a small pilot study proves the entire plan will work?
• Which statement best describes a correct approach to strengthen/weaken questions?
• Two coins flipped: what is the probability of exactly one head?
• If Task 1 must precede Task 2 and Task 3, with no order between Task 2 and Task 3, how many valid total orders exist?
• In a multiple-choice item with five possible answers, how many choices does the test taker have?
• Which of the following is a questionable argumentative strategy employed in the argument that the policy should be adopted because a majority supports it?
• Product A is either X or Y. All X are expensive. Some Y are affordable. Which inference is most strongly supported?
• Which description best identifies the core flaw in arguments that generalize from a single case?
• Which statement best captures the purpose of identifying the main conclusion in an argument?
• What is the name of the fallacy when one concludes P from P -> Q and Q?
• Which of the following, if true, helps reconcile the statements above?
• If P → Q, and Q is true, which statement about P is correct?
• The claim that taxes should increase in proportion to a person's income plays which role in the argument?
• Given A is a subset of B and A ∩ C = ∅, what is A ∩ C?
• Which statement would most undermine the argument that the plan will save money?
• Can P ↔ Q be true if P is true and Q is false?
• Is a valid argument guaranteed to have a true conclusion if the premises are true?
• Which of the following would most strengthen the scientist's claim?
• If every observed swan so far is white, can we conclude all swans are white?
• Some pharmacists insist on more testing; Others believe it's unnecessary. Which statement is most strongly supported?
• P XOR Q is true if exactly one is true. If P is true and Q is false, is P XOR Q true?
• What does P <-> Q being true imply about P and Q?
• If the plan is approved, profits will increase. The plan is approved. Which must be true?
• From No A are B and No B are C, which of the following can be concluded?
• A plan to reduce energy usage proposes that if households switch to LED lighting, the national energy bill will drop by 20% within a year. The plan assumes savings from one program will extrapolate nationally without accounting for variations in household size and usage. Which of the following, if true, identifies a flaw in the plan?
• In evaluating an argument, which feature has the greatest impact on the argument's validity?
• Which of the following would be most helpful to know in evaluating the argument?
• Which argument is most similar in its flawed use of evidence to the mayor's argument that a program will reduce crime based on a similar program in another city?
• A city proposes to build a bike lane to reduce car traffic. Which assumption is necessary for the conclusion to hold?
• Which one, if established, does most to justify the position advanced by the passage?
• Which option demonstrates parallel reasoning to the pattern used in the argument that a policy will work because it has done so in a similar context?
• Which fallacy is present in the argument: If P then Q; Q; Therefore P?
• Which statement best describes what the 'Method of Reasoning' question focuses on?
• Amy's reply uses a conditional implying funding is necessary for the plan. Which conclusion is most likely?
• In a dialogue about a drug's efficacy, Heather says the drug is effective, Mike says it is not. Which statement about their disagreement is most supported?
• In a parallel reasoning question, what is the key step after identifying the main conclusion?
• A marketing campaign claims to boost brand awareness by 25% in four weeks.
• If A is a subset of B and A is a subset of C, what is A ∩ B ∩ C?
• No A are B. Some C are A. What can be concluded about Some C and not B?
• A team is divided into Camp A (supports the project) and Camp B (opposes). At least one Camp A member argued for cost savings. Which statement is most strongly supported?
• If A ∪ B = A, what can we say about B?
• In principle-conform questions, if the stimulus provides a general rule, what should you pick?
• If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C, which statement must be true?
• If P → Q is true, what can be said about the contrapositive ¬Q → ¬P?
• What is a hallmark of a question that targets the 'Method of Reasoning' rather than 'Strengthen/Weaken'?
• Which approach helps identify the 'Main Conclusion' in an argument that uses multiple premises?
• In a resolve-the-paradox question, what is your overarching goal?
• Which statement would be most helpful to determine must-be-true status of the claim?
• The claim in the first sentence of the passage plays which role in the argument?
• When evaluating a Method of Reasoning question, what should you do if an answer choice mentions an alternative option that is not present in the argument?
• Syllogism: All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore Socrates is mortal.
• All A are B; No B are C. What is necessarily true about A and C?
• In the context of Evaluate The Argument, what is the best way to assess whether a choice strengthens or weakens the argument?
• In evaluating arguments, which choice best describes the function of an assumption in most deductive reasoning tests?
• If A is sufficient but not necessary for B, which statement is true?
• If P ↔ Q and Q ↔ R, what can be concluded about P and R?
• If P and Q have the same truth value, P <-> Q is true.
• All A are B; No B are C; Some D are A. If these statements are true, which must be true?
• Which of the following, if true, would most clearly reconcile the statements by showing they refer to the same metric?
• In a Principle Conform problem, when the stimulus presents a specific situation, which option best describes the correct target?
• A university claims that a new language program improves student fluency. The conclusion is that the program should be adopted.
• If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A, what can be concluded about A and B?
• A software update promises improved security because it uses a newer encryption standard.
• If not P implies Q and not P implies R, what can be deduced about Q and R?
• Which is the first step in solving a Role (paradox) question?
• Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the people mentioned continued to grow beans?
• Which one illustrates a principle most similar to that illustrated by the passage?
• If a sequence doubles each step starting with 3, what is the 5th term?
• Which approach would be least effective at strengthening the argument?
• Which option best describes how to identify the main conclusion in a reasoning problem?
• If valid, which principle best justifies the scientist's reasoning?
• If a student passes, they may enroll in an advanced course. What can we deduce if the student passes?
• If exactly two of P, Q, R are true and P is true while Q is false, what is R?
• A local bakery claims its sourdough bread is healthier because it is fermented naturally.
• When is the biconditional P <-> Q true?
• If A → B, B → C, C → D, and A is false, which statement must be true?
• Which contains questionable reasoning most similar to that in the argument above?
• If All A are B and No B are Z, is the conclusion No A are Z valid?
• Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the apparent conflict in the described system?
• Which statement best describes how to determine what the argument is about in a reasoning problem?
• What best characterizes a flaw question?
• If A -> B and B -> C, what follows from A?
• Which of the following would best avoid a causal fallacy when interpreting data showing correlation?
• Which statement best captures what the 'main conclusion' is in a method of reasoning question?
• Online courses are as effective as in-person courses, as shown by completion rates.
• Exactly two of P, Q, R are true. If P and Q are true, what is R?
• Randy and Salvatore disagree about whether to invest in renewable energy. The point at issue is whether:
• Which argument is most similar in pattern to the mayor's argument that a policy will reduce crime because a neighboring city implemented it and saw improvement?
• Which of the following most accurately describes the role played by the claim that fish have gills?
• In a must-be-true question about whether two speakers agree or disagree on a claim, what evidence is required to conclude that they either agree or disagree?
• The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to which of the following?
• In principle-justify questions, if the stimulus presents a principle, what should you pick?
• If P -> Q and Q -> R, and P is true, what is true about R?
• If P is false, what can be concluded about P -> Q?
• In a parallel reasoning question, what is the essential first step?
• If A implies B and B implies A, and A is true, what can be asserted about B?
• If a sequence doubles each step starting with 3, what is the 4th term?
• How many 2-item combinations can be formed from 4 distinct items?
• Given All A are B and No B are Z, No A are Z is...
• If P is true and Q is true, what is the truth value of P ∨ Q?
• A puzzle has three options and you guess randomly; how many possible outcomes are there?
• From No A are B and No B are C, can we conclude No A are C?
• If P is false and Q is true, is P ∨ Q true?
• If A → ¬B and B → ¬A, what can be concluded about A and B?
• In a good Evaluate The Argument item, the correct answer should be which of the following relative to the conclusion?
• If P is true and Q is false, what is P ∧ Q?
• Which of the following is a credible tactic to paraphrase the conclusion without quoting it directly?
• In the sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, what is the next term?
• Is oxygen a necessary condition for combustion?
• A restaurant claims customers will return because of its loyalty program.
• Which of the following best describes a questionable argumentative strategy when the argument relies on popularity to justify a policy?
• Which type of reasoning is most likely to appear in Method of Reasoning questions?
• Which, if true, most helps explain the finding of the caffeine study?
• Two speakers discuss carbon taxation. The point at issue is whether carbon taxation should be implemented.
• William and Max disagree about whether the market will grow next quarter.
• Which of the following employee behaviors most clearly conforms to the company policy outlined above?
• In a flaw question, what is the best approach to identify the potential flaw before looking at the answer choices?
• Joshua's statement that 'this claim simply cannot be proved' plays which role in his argument?
• If E and F are independent with P(E)=0.6 and P(F)=0.5, what is P(E ∨ F)?
• If P ↔ Q is true, what does this say about P and Q?
• All S are T. If some U are S, what can be concluded about Some U are T?
• If A → B and B → C, what can we conclude about A → C?
• Which argument is most parallel to the one that generalizes from a single pilot project to a full rollout?
• If A = B and B ⊆ C, is A ⊆ C?
• A university reduces tuition by 10% to attract more applicants.
• For strengthen/weaken questions, which perspective should guide your approach?
• If P ∨ Q is false, what can be said about P and Q?
• A city council plans to fund a new light-rail line to reduce congestion. The conclusion is that the project should be funded.
• In which argument is the reasoning most similar to the professor's argument about the single observation generalizing to a universal rule?